Spike trains refer to sequences of neuronal action potentials, a type of time series data where each spike is associated with a specific timestamp. Patterns of neural activity, such as bursts, pauses, and tonic firing, are closely linked to various biological functions or dysfunctions. The picture below is a schematic diagram of the spike train of non-human primates.

•  💭 (a) Spontaneous single neuron activity in the subthalamic nucleus of a normal non-human primate model: 

•  💭 (b) Spontaneous single neuron activity in the subthalamic nucleus of a non-human primate model of Parkinson's disease:

Neuronal bursting, observed as intermittent periods of elevated spiking rate of a neuron, has been observed extensively in both in vitro and in vivo neuronal networks across various network types and species (Weyand et al. 2001; Chiappalone et al. 2005; Pasquale et al. 2010). Bursting activity is believed to play a role in a range of physiological processes, including synapse formation (Maeda et al. 1995) and long-term potentiation (Lis-man 1997). Analysis of patterns of bursting activity can thus be used as a proxy for studying the underlying physiological processes and structural features of neuronal networks. 

Pause represents a period of no activity, this mechanism works particularly well for tonically active inhibitory neurons, where a pause of spiking carries the signal of disinhibition. Like pontine omnipause neurons, which are constantly active to suppress unwanted eye movements but briefly cease activity when a saccade is executed (Pare and Guitton, 1998). Inhibitory neurons in the substantia nigra projecting to the superior colliculus also help saccade initiation through pauses but only for saccades learned in specific behavioral tasks (Wurtz and Hikosaka, 1986). Now widely held that pauses in tonically active basal ganglia output neurons activate specific motor programs through disinhibition.

Tonic activity is the continuous, steady-state level of action potential firing by neurons. It plays a crucial role in maintaining baseline levels of neural signaling and sensory information processing. It helps maintain constant communication between neurons even in the absence of stimuli, and it contrasts with phasic activity, which occurs in response to transient changes or stimuli. Tonic inhibition can modulate tonic activity, ensuring proper balance in neural circuits. In the visual system, tonic activity is essential for adapting to different light conditions and maintaining consistent vision, photoreceptor cells in the retina exhibit tonic activity to signal ambient light levels to the brain.

👀 Key parameters, such as the minimum number of spikes in each pattern and the inter-spike interval, are essential for scientists to analyze and identify these patterns.

👉 Spike Train Studio is designed to help you detect bursts, pauses, and tonic patterns, as well as simulate spike trains using customizable parameters. We also aim to share exciting research updates with you!